An Introduction to Brownian Motion

Brownian motion is the random movement of particles in a fluid due to their collisions with other atoms or molecules. Brownian motion is also known as pedesis, which comes from the Greek word for leaping. Even though a particle may be large compared to the size of atoms and molecules in the surrounding medium, it can be moved by the impact with many tiny, fast-moving masses. Brownian motion may be considered a macroscopic (visible) picture of a particle influenced by many microscopic random effects. Brownian motion takes its name from the Scottish botanist Robert Brown, who observed pollen grains moving randomly in water. He described the motion in 1827 but was unable to explain it. While pedesis takes its name from Brown, he was not the first person to describe it. The Roman poet Lucretius describes the motion of dust particles around the year 60 B.C., which he used as evidence of atoms. The transport phenomenon remained unexplained until 1905 when Albert Einstein published a paper that explained the pollen was being moved by the water molecules in the liquid. As with Lucretius, Einsteins  explanation served as indirect evidence of the existence of atoms and molecules. At the turn of the 20th century, the existence of such tiny units of matter was only a theory. In 1908, Jean Perrin experimentally verified Einsteins hypothesis, which earned Perrin the 1926 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter. The mathematical description of Brownian motion is a relatively simple probability calculation, of importance not just in physics and chemistry, but also to describe other statistical phenomena. The first person to propose a mathematical model for Brownian motion was Thorvald N. Thiele in a paper on the least squares method that was published in 1880. A modern model is the Wiener process, named in honor of Norbert Wiener, who described the function of a continuous-time stochastic process. Brownian motion is considered a Gaussian process and a Markov process with continuous path occurring over continuous time. What Is Brownian Motion? Because the movements of atoms and molecules in a liquid and gas is random, over time, larger particles will disperse evenly throughout the medium. If there are two adjacent regions of matter and region A contains twice as many particles as region B, the probability that a particle will leave region A to enter region B is twice as high as the probability a particle will leave region B to enter A. Diffusion, the movement of particles from a region of higher to lower concentration, can be considered a macroscopic example of Brownian motion. Any factor that affects the movement of particles in a fluid impacts the rate of Brownian motion. For example, increased temperature, increased number of particles, small particle size, and low viscosity increase the rate of motion. Brownian Motion Examples Most examples of Brownian motion are transport processes that are affected by larger currents, yet also exhibit pedesis. Examples include: The motion of pollen grains on still waterMovement of dust motes in a room (although largely affected by air currents)Diffusion of pollutants in the airDiffusion of calcium through bonesMovement of holes of electrical charge in semiconductors Importance of Brownian Motion The initial importance of defining and describing Brownian motion was that it supported the modern atomic theory. Today, the mathematical models that describe Brownian motion are used in math, economics, engineering, physics, biology, chemistry, and a host of other disciplines. Brownian Motion Versus Motility It can be difficult to distinguish between a movement due to Brownian motion and movement due to other effects. In biology, for example, an observer needs to be able to tell whether a specimen is moving because it is motile (capable of movement on its own, perhaps due to cilia or flagella) or because it is subject to Brownian motion. Usually, its possible to differentiate between the processes because Brownian motion appears jerky, random, or like a vibration. True motility appears often as a path, or else the motion is twisting or turning in a specific direction. In microbiology, motility can be confirmed if a sample inoculated in a semisolid medium migrates away from a stab line. Source Jean Baptiste Perrin — Facts. NobelPrize.org, Nobel Media AB 2019, July 6, 2019.

Essay about Mgt 498 - Ethics - 910 Words

Ethics Student Name MGT/498 Due Date Instructor Ethics A business must operate with ethics as a guiding principle to be successful and profitable. A company that is publically traded bears a responsibility of being a good steward of the profits the company earns, for the stakeholders, employees, and clients. The social aspect of a company and ethics go hand-in-hand. If a business fails to act ethically responsible, the result of that behavior can affect it socially. â€Å"The concept of social responsibility proposes that a private corporation has responsibilities to society that extend beyond making a profit† (Wheelen amp; Hunger, 2010, pg. 72). When a company is established, it begins with a foundation constructed from an idea.†¦show more content†¦83). In the present day’s failing economy it is clear to see the consequences of unethical behavior and how it affects everyone involved. Unethical behavior not only affects the business, but also the employees, the stakeholders, When a business fails there is usually a rippling affect in the community and the general population. Enron The best example of unethical behavior can be gathered from Enron. â€Å"Enron, in particular, has become infamous for the questionable actions of its top executives† (Wheelen amp; Hunger, 2010, pg. 80). What occurred with Enron and where it went wrong was the Chief Operating Officer got greedy in addition to everyone else on the corporate ladder. Enron located in Houston, Texas, was an organization that operated commodities, paper, energy, electricity, and pulp products. Manuel Velasquez, an ethics professor at Santa Clara University wrote an article commenting on the many things that went wrong because of the federal government system that was in place. The regulations consist of a business having a set of ethics, but could bend the rules or manipulate the system if needed. The profession of business ethics has long needed a highly practical resource that is designed particularly for leaders and managers -- those people charged to ensure ethicalShow MoreRelatedMgt 498 Ethics Paper743 Words   |  3 PagesEthics Paper MGT 498 October 24, 2012 Ethics Paper The role of ethics and social responsibility aids organizations in developing a strong strategic plan, while addressing the needs of stakeholders. Ethics and social responsibility require social awareness to address the needs of the environment and to increase the knowledge of employees, which will lead to a corporation focused on supplying the customer with what is needed, managers equipped with solid decision-making abilities, and employeesRead MoreEthics Paper MGT/498852 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Ethics Paper MGT/498 Professor: The primary purpose of ethics and social responsibility is imperative to the way we do business and live amongst society. Ethics most commonly know as the rights and wrongs are principles and standards that establish what is know as acceptable conduct within an organization. Organizations have moral and legal duties to implement ethics when developing a strategic plan while considering stakeholders and consumers, they do not want to beRead MoreWeek 41387 Words   |  6 Pages0 credits) C Communications BCOM/275 BUSINESS COMMUNICATIONS AND CRITICAL THINKING (LD) (3.0 credits) D Business Information Systems BIS/220 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER APPLICATIONS AND SYSTEMS (LD) (3.0 credits) C Management I MGT/230 MANAGEMENT THEORY AND PRACTICE (LD) (3.0 credits) B+ Accounting I AC 201 PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTING I (LD) (3.0 credits) B NOTE Page 1 of 4 This audit provides an official summary of your applied and deficient credits as of the runRead MoreEthics629 Words   |  3 Pages Ethics Keith A. Bates Sr. MGT/498 4 April 2012 Richard Rignall Ethics Ethics and Social Responsibility in Developing a Strategic Plan Ethics are values that guide personal thoughts and actions in knowing right from wrong. Personal conduct and behavior is based on how the individual views unethical behavior. Social responsibility is the company, management, and employees working and conducting themselves by following rules of society. Companies that include ethics and social responsibility intoRead MoreEthics628 Words   |  3 Pages Ethics Keith A. Bates Sr. MGT/498 4 April 2012 Richard Rignall Ethics Ethics and Social Responsibility in Developing a Strategic Plan Ethics are values that guide personal thoughts and actions in knowing right from wrong. Personal conduct and behavior is based on how the individual views unethical behavior. Social responsibility is the company, management, and employees working and conducting themselves by following rules of society. 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The company was founded by Dr. Riordan, who in 1991 setup headquarters in San Jose, California and has manage to be a dynamic force, changing with needs of the industry. Through a series of strategic decisions, the company managed to purchase the Pontiac, Michigan manufacturing plant in 1992 via a venture capitalRead MoreRiordan Manufacturing Strategic Plan Essay2656 Words   |  11 PagesRiordan Manufacturing Strategic Plan MGT/498 Riordan Manufacturing Strategic Plan Strategic managers have responsibility to both the employees and stakeholders of the organization. Engaging in strategic management decisions should include ethics and social responsibilities. The expectation of such responsibilities from stakeholders is to fulfill legal and ethical economic decisions. Satisfying the purpose of the strategic planning process for Riordan Manufacturing, the managementRead MoreRiordan Manufacturing Strategic Plan Essay3812 Words   |  16 Pages. Riordan Manufacturing Strategic Plan University of Phoenix Strategic Management MGT/498 Riordan Manufacturing Strategic Plan A world renowned plastics manufacturer employing nearly 550 workers worldwide, Riordan Manufacturing Co. a leader in the industry of plastic injection molding, has more than $1 billion in revenue. With operations based in California, Michigan, Georgia, and China, review of current resources within Riordan’s business structure reveal numerous areas in needRead MoreIntroduction to Materials Management169665 Words   |  679 PagesLife 473 Process Capability 476 Process Control 480 Sample Inspection 484 ISO 9000:2000 486 Benchmarking 489 Quality Function Deployment 491 JIT, TQM, and MRP II 493 Key Terms 494 Questions 495 Problems 495 Case Study: Accent Oak Furniture Company 498 Readings 503 Index 509 From the Library of Girro@qq.com 1 Introduction to Materials Management From the Library of Girro INTRODUCTION The wealth of a country is measured by its gross national product—the output of goods and services

The Theory Of Criminal Behavior Essay - 2360 Words

Throughout history a lot of experts have tried to understand why some people feel the need to commit crimes, even though there have been harsh laws enforced for those who commit crimes. These people have come up with theories as to why people commit crimes to understand these theories, we must understand what a crime is and understand the definition of theories. Crime is a human conduct that violates the laws of a state or the federal government. There are different ways people view criminal behaviors either through the view of the social problem perspective which blames the society and the social responsibility which blames the person who committed the crime. Through these two perspectives we get the idea of theories. A theory is a comprehensive explanation about certain experiences which are based on facts that have been gathered overtime. These theories explain the mental reason people are more pushed to commit crimes. Theories like Robert Agnews’ General Strain Theory has given us an explanation as to phenomena criminal behavior. In 1992 strain theory was reformulated by Robert Agnew and called the general strain theory. Agnew felt as though that strain theory was not fully explaining the main reason people are pushed to commit crimes, so he came up with a theory he felt was a better explanation and a reason as to why crimes were committed. The concept of general strain theory comes from the idea that people commit crimes to use it as a means of copping with theShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Criminal Behavior955 Words   |  4 PagesThe theory I believe that explains criminal behavior and delinquency the best would be the Differential Reinforcement Theory, reviewed by Robert Burgess and Ronald Akers after it was criticized by C.R. Jeffery. Burgess and Akers argued against Sutherland’s work by using what he had used already and adding operant conditioning and modeling/condition in order to explain criminal behavior more clearly. They offered seven propositions to summarize the Differential Reinforcement Theory, which was a justificationRead MoreThe Theories Of Criminal Behavior893 Words   |  4 PagesCriminal behavior can be defined as any type of disruptive behavior or antisocial behavior that violates a law and is punishable by society. The three main causes of criminal behavior are psychological impacts, soc iological influences, and biological factors. Although there are many more factors that can trigger criminal behaviors, they can all be summed up into the never-ending question, nature versus nature? The psychological approach to criminal behavior is categorized into the nurture sideRead MoreTheory of Criminal Behavior2402 Words   |  10 PagesRunning head: Theories of Criminal Behavior Theories of Criminal Behavior Theories of Criminal Behavior The beginning of civilization dawned a new era in which man came together to live amongst one another in relative peace and prosperity. The advent of civilization however also brought about people who choose to live a life outside of societal norms and law, norms and thus was the creation of the criminal. All civilizations tried to suppress and discourage crime by using aRead MoreThe Theory Of Criminal Behavior1333 Words   |  6 PagesCriminal behavior has been a difficult term to define over the years due to the many variables that must be taken into account in order to present an accurate definition. However, the definition provided by Bartol is as follows, â€Å"Behavior in violation of the criminal code that is intentional and without justification or excuse† (Bartol, 2014). A vital variable that is represented in criminal behavior is crime. The fundamental purpose of theory is to explain things that can be observed. When discussingRead MoreThe Theory Of Criminal Beha vior1412 Words   |  6 Pagesof social process theories that are rooted in their notion that criminal behavior is learned by a social context. There has been a learning perspective that assumed that there are law- breaking values, norms, and etc. The section goes on to explain the theories envision that a criminal’s behavior is a product of the same learning process of noncriminal behavior. Crime is known for being constructed as a normal behavior rather than pathological. The task of this learning theory is to detail theRead MoreThe Theory Of Criminal Behavior1608 Words   |  7 Pagescauses of his criminal behaviour through the three different criminological schools of thought: classical, positivist, and sociological. There are a number of concepts of crime including human nature, the society, social contract, the law, and punishment. The central concepts of the classical school of thought is that people are egotistical, rational, motivated by pain and pleasure, people choose their behaviour, and behaviour can be modified by fear of punishment. The classical theory focuses onRead MoreThe Theory Of Criminal Behavior1191 Words   |  5 Pagesreason being is criminal behaviour sometimes can t be defined. Law in our society is defined by social and legal intuitions, not in biology. What is criminal in one country may not be in another so how can one gene deformation cause one to become a criminal ? So, as these studies have found, there appears to be some genetic traits that can influence criminal behaviour such as a person’s gender or mental illness. But this doesn t mean there is an evil gene which all criminals inherit, socialRead MoreBiological Theories Of Criminal Behavior844 Words à ‚  |  4 PagesBiological Theories are vastly growing with fascinating research. The main stump is concretely linking it to criminal behavior, because some theories are more relatable than others. Theories involving temperament and hormones give real life biological explanations, while others like extrovert and introvert behaviors, and neuroticism explain a weaker link to crime. However, all theories are valuable in exploring the root of crime. Temperament can be described as the natural mood disposition determinedRead MoreThe Psychological Theories Of Criminal Behavior883 Words   |  4 PagesPsychological Theories The psychological theories of criminal behavior focus on the lack of socialization, incomplete cognitive development, and bad childhood experiences. Those who study psychological theories believe that failures in cognitive development can be a major factor in malfunctioning behavior. These criminals have difficulty controlling anger and containing violence, which causes them to lash out. The results of these episodes are murder, rape, robbery, assault, and battery. Many moreRead MoreEssay on Theory of Criminal Behavior1000 Words   |  4 Pages1.0 Introduction Crime depicts any act or omission that is prohibited by the public law. On the same note, behavior is a function which has measurable differences in psychological characteristics among individuals (Brennan-Galvin, 2002). Such characteristics may be influenced by constitutional, personality attributes, and neurophysiologic or genetics factors. Likewise, criminal behavior is the commission of acts which in their situational and social settings are considered crimes due to the fact

Human Resource Development Hr Leadership And Its...

Human resource (HR) leadership has always been difficult in challenging times, but the unique stressors facing organizations throughout the world today call for a new approach to HR leadership and its development. We propose a multifaceted model that redefines the role of strategic HR leadership and for understanding connections between authentic HR leadership and sustainable organizational performance. that to build enduring organizations and motivate employees to provide superior customer service and create sustainable value for their organizations, we need HR leaders who know themselves, who lead with integrity and demand conformance to higher ethical values. Human resource development which represents the latest stage in long†¦show more content†¦Human resource system design and development the role involve designing and prepare human resource management system for implementation so that human resource systems organization and action are mutually reinforce and having maximum and endurance. Organizational change consultant the role means facilitating the development and implementation of strategies for transforming organizations Primary function human resource management can divide into primary and secondary function primary functions is directly involved with obtaining, maintaining and developing employee. Primary function included human resource planning, equal employment opportunity, staffing, recruitment, and selection (Agarwala, T. (2003. Deal with Compensation and benefit, employee, labor relation health, safety and security and human resource development. Secondary function included organization, job design, performance appraisal system, and research and information system. The objective of specific human resource development activities varies greatly or improving the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of individuals, career development potent efforts intended to assist the individual through a series of career stage and the organization development effort to enhance the effectiveness of the organization. The differing objective ,in turn, often determine of organization which other aspect of the board of human resource system should be more tightly integrated with particular human

Becoming the Woman or Man You Want to Be Free Essays

In present society, men and women alike are still bound to the stereotypes assigned to their respective sexes. While the gender situation has definitely improved today as compared to the past decades, the discrimination between the sexes is still present. The gender impositions are clearly restrictions. We will write a custom essay sample on Becoming the Woman or Man You Want to Be or any similar topic only for you Order Now The gender-role expectations of society hinder an individual from reaching their full potential, simply because the options provided for growth appear limited. This is the reason why it is liberating for both men and women to develop more flexible views regarding the said expectations. By adapting a flexible attitude with regards to gender roles, an individual can go beyond what is expected of them and their gender. In a way, it allows the person to break free from what he or she thought she should do and enjoy the freedom by doing what he or she wants to do. However, the gender problem can only be resolved if the change begins in the individual. The person must develop the flexible perspective himself or herself to be able to break free from one’s gender restrictions. As a woman, it is important for me to adapt the flexible view of gender expectations myself. Compared to men, women are more burdened by these expectations, as females are regarded as the weaker and more inferior sex. Therefore, I must learn to develop a more lenient viewpoint regarding gender roles because I am more affected by it. In the past, women were only expected to stay at home and devote themselves to their husbands and children. As a woman in modern society, I strive to go beyond that stereotype. There are so many options for women like me today, may it be in terms of family or profession. By developing a more flexible view on gender role expectations, I can liberate myself from the housewife stereotype and pursue a life of unlimited opportunities. If I want freedom, the change has to start from me. This is because if I believe that those expectations are the only ones I can pursue, I will remain restricted by my gender. Hence, it is very important for me as a woman to develop flexible views about gender role expectations. How to cite Becoming the Woman or Man You Want to Be, Papers

Comparative Analysis Paper Art History Essay Example For Students

Comparative Analysis Paper Art History Essay As I was browsing the galleries of the Metropolitan Museum of Art two paintings in particular quickly grabbed my attention. With striking similarities that echo throughout the composition, as well as differences ranging from the subtle to the obvious, these two works of art, when compared side by side, seem to have a conversation unlike any other. The first work, by French artist Nicolas Poussin, was The Abduction of the Sabine Women. It was an oil on canvas piece of work crafted during the mid 17th century during the baroque era. Located two galleries east of this painting was The Death of Socrates. This painting, by another French artist named Jacques Louis David, is also a work created using oil on canvas and was erected during the late 18th century. These two paintings were painted only a little over a century apart and while they share many similarities in their form, structure, and technique, they are also complete embodiments of the respective art styles existing during the er as to which they belong. The style of art used in The Abduction of The Sabine Women was defined by a movement known as baroque art. By definition Baroque art was thought of as a style of art that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance and grandeur in all forms of art. As you can see from Poussins composition, crowded with energized figures moving throughout the scene, as well as some figures who seem to be crying out in agony, reaching towards others in such a dramatic way, overall increasing the intensity of the scene.. No matter where you look in this painting there is always a figure doing something. This something can range from the horses in the background who almost get lost amidst all of the chaos to the man standing in the left foreground of the painting who seems to be looking into all of the chaos with probably the calmest demeanor of everybody present. This contrast between figures in the image really interested me. It forced me to wonder who was this man and why, while everybody around him seemed to be clustered together, moving and rushing around, was he looking on, saying or doing almost no more than just lifting his robe with a half smile on his face. I believe that this contrast is quintessential of the baroque period and without this figure, as well as the two behind him, maintaining this calm demeanor, the piece would not be as sound in composition. Having something like this figure in the foreground ties the chaos together giving me as the viewer time a place to rest my eyes from time to time. Upon reading the description of this piece I found that this figure was Romulus, who was an important figure in many classic roman myths, and the raising of the cloak was his signal to his men to begin the abduction of the women, which would explain his mood in the composition. I still feel as though his presence within the image was a conscious decision of the artist that has a direct effect on the composition of the painting. The style of art used in The Death of Socrates was defined by the art movement known as Neoclassicism. This art style is defined by exactly what it sounds like, a revival of classic art performed in ancient greece and rome. All of the art produced throughout this time period, beginning within the 18th century, drew its inspiration from the classical art and cultures of these two time periods and this painting, The Death of Socrates, is a very good example of this revival. The figures represented in the painting by Jacques Louis David are very symbolic of the figures often portrayed in greek sculpture. While there is no physical motion within the image, like the motion within The Abduction of The Sabine Women, the level of emotion depicted within the scene is extremely similar. .u2e58e85878b8425d4f7b940f24728c13 , .u2e58e85878b8425d4f7b940f24728c13 .postImageUrl , .u2e58e85878b8425d4f7b940f24728c13 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2e58e85878b8425d4f7b940f24728c13 , .u2e58e85878b8425d4f7b940f24728c13:hover , .u2e58e85878b8425d4f7b940f24728c13:visited , .u2e58e85878b8425d4f7b940f24728c13:active { border:0!important; } .u2e58e85878b8425d4f7b940f24728c13 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2e58e85878b8425d4f7b940f24728c13 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2e58e85878b8425d4f7b940f24728c13:active , .u2e58e85878b8425d4f7b940f24728c13:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2e58e85878b8425d4f7b940f24728c13 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2e58e85878b8425d4f7b940f24728c13 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2e58e85878b8425d4f7b940f24728c13 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2e58e85878b8425d4f7b940f24728c13 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2e58e85878b8425d4f7b940f24728c13:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2e58e85878b8425d4f7b940f24728c13 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2e58e85878b8425d4f7b940f24728c13 .u2e58e85878b8425d4f7b940f24728c13-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2e58e85878b8425d4f7b940f24728c13:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN THE UNITED STATES MILITAR EssayThe disciples of socrates surround him in his dying moment with looks of agony and grief, some can not bare to look, while others are simply leaving the room due to the overall intensity of the scene. Regardless of the emotion drawn from the disciples within the scene everything is very orderly and neat. This being a recurring theme in many classical paintings. I feel as though most classical paintings have some sort of order to them which allows me as the viewer to look at them without being overwhelmed. The faces of the figures within the paintings are very detailed, however they lack emotion. ALl of the real emotio n within the piece is derived from the bodies of the figures. In The Abduction of The Sabine women, you can read the emotion of the people by looking at their faces, however, I can not say the same for the faces within The Death of Socrates. The faces have almost no emotion and stare blankly. While socrates raises his hand in a protest, or perhaps because he is saying something, his face remains stoic, and unchanged which conveys the emotion, or lack thereof in the scene. The two disciples behind him that look forward, also with blank stares on their faces just like socrates in front of him. It just seemed as though, while looking at this painting, it was hard for me to draw myself away from these three faces and how absolutely lifeless they were to me. They kept bringing me back and overall it affected the way I read the composition. Other quintessential elements of the classic art period that reside within this piece would have to be the color palette chosen. The tones are very muted, nothing too bright nor vibrant and also a profound use of both red and blue tones appear throughout the painting. The depth, as shown in the hallway to the left side of the painting and the overall fogginess of the painting, I feel, are also recurring themes that seem to happen throughout classical and neoclassical painting. In The Abduction of The Sabine Women there are no clear lines of sight to the back of the image, like the tunnel present in The Death of Socrates. Even with this tunnel the foreground of the image seems to lack depth and overall the painting seems very flat. By contrast, The Abduction of the Sabine Women has a lot of depth which could be due to the presence of all of the figures taking up the frame of the painting. There are many layers of characters within the image while The Death of Socrates really only has one or two layers present within it, thus making it appear flat as I was viewing the image. While painting these images and laying down the brush strokes the artists took very similar approaches. Theres very little remnant of the artists hand in the work, including the lack of a signature. Signatures seemed to be occurring a lot in paintings during this time period of the artistic world. The only difference I was able to see between the two artists styles, was the fact that, although it was a newer painting, The Death of Socrates had quite a few cracks displaced throughout. I found this weird because if this painting was over a century older than The Abduction of the Sabine Women then why would it looked more aged and disheveled? Perhaps this was a conscious choice by the artist to pay further homage to the classical artists where he took his influence from. The form in which the figures arranged the figures and subject matter within the image seem to resemble each other as well. Both sets of figures are very triangular, with the most important figures, Socrates and Romulus , being the top most point of the triangles. .uf92f73d04bacf7d3dace58c6e3d9cbd6 , .uf92f73d04bacf7d3dace58c6e3d9cbd6 .postImageUrl , .uf92f73d04bacf7d3dace58c6e3d9cbd6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf92f73d04bacf7d3dace58c6e3d9cbd6 , .uf92f73d04bacf7d3dace58c6e3d9cbd6:hover , .uf92f73d04bacf7d3dace58c6e3d9cbd6:visited , .uf92f73d04bacf7d3dace58c6e3d9cbd6:active { border:0!important; } .uf92f73d04bacf7d3dace58c6e3d9cbd6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf92f73d04bacf7d3dace58c6e3d9cbd6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf92f73d04bacf7d3dace58c6e3d9cbd6:active , .uf92f73d04bacf7d3dace58c6e3d9cbd6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf92f73d04bacf7d3dace58c6e3d9cbd6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf92f73d04bacf7d3dace58c6e3d9cbd6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf92f73d04bacf7d3dace58c6e3d9cbd6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf92f73d04bacf7d3dace58c6e3d9cbd6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf92f73d04bacf7d3dace58c6e3d9cbd6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf92f73d04bacf7d3dace58c6e3d9cbd6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf92f73d04bacf7d3dace58c6e3d9cbd6 .uf92f73d04bacf7d3dace58c6e3d9cbd6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf92f73d04bacf7d3dace58c6e3d9cbd6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dredd Scott EssayThis is a significant theme that appears quite often in classic and renaissance art. Lastly, in regards to form I would like to mention the dimensions of these paintings. The abduction of the Sabine Women was notably larger than the Death of socrates. Height wise its about nine inches larger, and width wise it is about five inches longer. This difference allowed the artist to engrain more detail into every part of this painting which in turn allows me as the viewer to pick it apart much easier. I found both of these paintings extremely interesting and also good in their own respects. They are both very good examples of the styles of art that were going on during the times to which they belonged. While they were truly only about one hundred years apart, the two paintings had many differences that set the standard for the time periods that they were produced. They also shared many similarities, and themes that continue to echo into art even during modern times.

Emerging Trends in Open Innovation Strategy †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Open Innovation Strategy Management. Answer: Introduction This paper recognizes from the outset that given emerging trends in open innovation strategy, there is the formation of alliances and licensing for the transfer of inter-organizational technology is common (Ades, Figlioli, Sbragia, Porto, Ary Plonski, Celadon, 2013). In the current business environment, there is very high competition. The high level of competition requires that companies become innovative so that they can be competitive too. Every company is striving to achieve a competitive edge over others. This competitive advantage can only be sustained through increased innovation of new products and services. For this discussion, this paper has chosen Natura and W.L. Gore Associates, Inc. for an extensive debate. This article seeks to delineate how open innovation is central to success and opening up new opportunities for companies, provide a description of innovation in light managerial inputs and the forces that drive innovation in businesses. The W.L. Gore Associates, Inc. continually conducts research to ascertain the extent of application of technology. The research is focused on four critical areas that include fabrics, industrial, medical, and electronics (Brunswicker, Vanhaverbeke, 2015). The company is an American formed in 1958. It is estimated that the company has a total of seven thousand employees. The company has expanded its facilities in more than thirty countries. It suffices to mention that W.L. Gore Associates, Inc. is a company with a long tradition of innovation (Felin, Zenger, 2014; Brunswicker, Vanhaverbeke, 2015). Literature evidence shows that the company conducted product development within the organizational boundaries (Ades et al., 2013). Additionally, the research focused on the companys critical technical knowledge that was applied in-house (Hsieh, Hsieh, Huang, Huang, Lee, Lee, 2016). The W.L. Gore Associates, Inc. used to pursue closed innovation processes. It is worth noting that in th e recent past, W.L. Gore Associates, Inc. has actively collaborated with other companies in the innovation process. In collaborating with other companies to enhance innovation, W.L. Gore Associates, Inc. has employed a two-pronged approach (Hung, Chou, 2013). The first approach is based on the acquisition of technology from outside sources to implement internal research development (Cheng, Huizingh, 2014). The acquisition of technology relies on strategic alliances commonly referred to as the incoming technology transfer (King, Lakhani, 2013). The acquisition of technology requires the company to have the capacity to absorb and utilize knowledge from outside (Hsieh et al., 2016). The W.L. Gore Associates, Inc. for instance, formed a strategic alliance with Sefar AG. The strategic partnership with Sefar Limited was centered on the development of Architectural Fabrics Tech-textiles (Cui, Ye, Teo, Li, 2015). The second approach to enhancing open innovation by W.L. Gore Associates, Inc. is the exploitation of its technology in outbound open innovation (Lakhani, Lifshitz-Assaf, Tushman, 2013). This process is achieved through formulating licensing agreements that help in generating additional income (Brunswicker, Vanhaverbeke, 2015). The process requires W.L. Gore Associates, Inc. to transfer technological abilities outwards. For example, the W.L. Gore Associates, Inc. has licensed products that are made with Gore-Tex fabric and fibers (Hossain, 2015; Cui, Ye, Teo, Li, 2015). The innovation of W.L. Gore Associates thousands of products is virtually anchored only on one versatile polymer known as the polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). The W.L. Gore Associates, Inc. has engineered this material to produce numerous functions. W.L. Gore Associates, Inc. has been granted over two thousand licenses across the world. These patents cover a broad range of areas of production such as medical services, processing of polymer, and electronics. The W.L. Gore Associates, Inc. applies open innovation and keeps control of core technologies and licenses. The company has given permission to its licensees to innovate in a particular field. The W.L. Gore Associates, Inc. uses product platform innovation (Hung, Chou, 2013). The product platform innovation entails the controlling of ePTFE and sharing it with external developers. In this arrangement, W.L. Gore Associates, Inc. remains the core provider of technology. The licensee is expected to innovate on the provided technology and consequently sell the finished product to the consumers. Additionally, external innovators and customers are allowed to transact freely provided that they are affiliated W.L. Gore Associates, Inc. which is the platform owner (Lakhani, Lifshitz-Assaf, Tushman, 2013; Cui, Ye, Teo, Li, 2015). The company maintains a considerable control on affiliates through the rules and regulations imposed on licensees. The platform design theory resembles that architect in which the W.L. Gore Associates, Inc. develops the architecture to necessitate platform design. In this case, external innovators are permitted to draw up the technology further. Natura is a Brazilian brand that is currently present in seven countries in South America including France. Natura has created a central unit that is headed by a vice-president who is in charge of the management of innovation, innovation, and, partnerships. The company is structured into three functions that include project and processes, intellectual protection, and relationship with partners (Brunswicker, Vanhaverbeke, 2015). The company exploits the process of forwarding partnerships. The three functions are organized in a manner that they enhance the productivity of the company (King, Lakhani, 2013; Lakhani, Lifshitz-Assaf, Tushman, 2013). Additionally, the management in Natura is tasked with identifying potential areas for investment and research partners such as universities and colleges (Ades et al., 2013). The implementation process and open innovation strategy in Natura are achieved through three core undertakings (Lakhani, Lifshitz-Assaf, Tushman, 2013). First, the company is promoting internal research in addition to the search for openness. Secondly, the company lays strong emphasis on the initiatives the teams that are responsible for partnerships. Thirdly, the company employs the bottom-up style of management to promote the flow of ideas and information (Ades et al., 2013). Employees are given greater priority to enhance innovativeness and creativity. The structure of Natura is designed to enhance innovativeness. The structure lays strong emphasis on teamwork and employees having mixed roles are placed in small teams for collaboration. On the other hand, in W.L. Gore Associates, Inc., employees are placed in small teams of between one hundred and fifty and two hundred so as to create a more personal setting. The personal environment is stressed so that there could be an interpersonal relationship among employees (Villarreal, Calvo, 2015). The interpersonal relationships are essential in enhancing innovation in the two companies. It suffices to mention that the innovative core has a profound impact on managerial consequences regarding the handling of employees in the two companies (Shipper, Manz, Stewart, 2013). It is vital to point out that the absorptive capacity is dependent on the path dependency. In this case, the absorptive capacity requires that companies possess the ability to assimilate, recognize, and application of external knowledge as far as learning and innovation processes are concerned (King, Lakhani, 2013; West, Bogers, 2014). A companys adsorptive capacity refers to the volume of technology that is being transferred based on the identification and the moving a companys technology portfolio Brunswicker, Vanhaverbeke, 2015). However, it is critical to note that in many circumstances company management does not allow outward transfer of technology or licensing of a particular technology (Lakhani, Lifshitz-Assaf, Tushman, 2013). Some of the technologies that may not be allowed for transfer are core technologies. This sanction is to prevent the loss of competitive edge and the competitive threats (King, Lakhani, 2013). The most important issue is driving force for innovation in both W.L. Gore Associates, Inc. and Natura. Indeed, the two companies are driven by demand-pull and a mix of technology-push to innovate (Lakhani, Lifshitz-Assaf, Tushman, 2013; Ades et al., 2013). In the case of W.L. Gore Associates, it has a long history of technology-push where it develops technology and markets it. Initially, the company saw the potential in polytetrafluoroethylene and later developed it into an expanded ePTFE. The expanded ePTFE contributed to a new application in electronics, medical, and fabric markets. The company makes a broad range of medical products that are applied in cardiothoracic, vascular, orthopedic surgeries, and plastics. Additionally, the company produces cables that are used in computers (Cui, Ye, Teo, Li, 2015). The fibers are used in the chemical processing and manufacture of pumps. Indeed, open innovation has enabled W.L. Gore Associates, Inc. to develop a broad range of product s for the market. It is imperative to note that customer taste and preferences in central to the open innovation process (West, Bogers, 2014). For both W.L. Gore Associates, Inc. and Natura, customer need is a key driver. The two companies apply consumer inspired innovations so as to create new products (Lakhani, Lifshitz-Assaf, Tushman, 2013). Understanding the emerging trends in customer needs ensures that a company remains to be relevant in the market (Hsieh et al., 2016). The focus on customer needs is a clear indication that demand-pull is vital in the innovation process (Felin, Zenger, 2014; Cui, Ye, Teo, Li, 2015). Both companies extensive use lead users to develop new products. Furthermore, both W.L. Gore Associates, Inc. and Natura are using new technology to turn ideas into new and unique products. The main reason as to why both W.L. Gore Associates, Inc. and Natura license their technology is to generate more revenue. The increased revenue base is essential to gaining and sustaining the competitive advantage (Nyln, Holmstrm, 2015; King, Lakhani, 2013). With the expanded technology, the two companies can access a large market base which has consequently increased their revenues. Additionally, both W.L. Gore Associates, Inc. and IBM apply strategic drivers selling products that meet customer needs. The sale of additional products is attained as a result of increasing demand (Saebi, Foss, 2015). The companies have been licensing weaker rivals to use their technology so that they can deter stronger competitors from entering the market (West, Bogers, 2014). The two companies desire to license technology is motivated by the need to learn and leads to compression of a companys learning curve (Shipper, Manz, Stewart, 2013). The two companies are licensing their technology so that they can strengthen their inter-organizational networks (Nyln, Holmstrm, 2015; West, Bogers, 2014). Licensing of technology is critical in increasing, maintaining, and expanding the network of the companies. Both W.L. Gore Associates, Inc. and Natura are capturing value from technology in the open innovation process. However, technology licensing can lead to reduced profits which might weaken competitive advantage (Pisano, 2015; King, Lakhani, 2013). Both W.L. Gore Associates, Inc. and Natura have developed dynamic capabilities to aid in technology licensing. These capabilities are achieved by continuous exploration of innovation so as to capture strategic and monetary opportunities (Vanhaverbeke, Cloodt, 2014; King, Lakhani, 2013). The two companies are keen to avoid possible adverse effects through systemization in the internal exploitation of technology (West, Bogers, 2014). The Natura has developed friendly and open corporate culture to create an innovative atmosphere. Just like W.L. Gore Associates, Inc., Natura has developed systems where there are formal bosses and have mechanisms and system for self-evaluation (Villarreal, Calvo, 2015). In the case of W.L. Gore Associates, Inc., employees are provided with incentives. These employees are allowed to have shares in the company. Conclusion The two companies are striving to enhance open innovation to improve their competitive advantage. The open innovation strategy employed by the companies to aimed at providing successful transfer of technology between organizations. From the ensuing discussion, licensing and strategic alliances is central to open innovation process. Both W.L. Gore Associates, Inc. and Natura are implementing a strategy focused on exploitation and exploration in their innovation undertakings. Despite the fact that it is important for a company to exploit its innovation, exploration and open innovation increases competitive advantage. In a nutshell, open innovation process requires sound managerial abilities to aid in the formulation of strategic alliances, prudent management of employees, and efficient licensing of technology to other partners. References Ades, C., Figlioli, A., Sbragia, R., Porto, G., Ary Plonski, G., Celadon, K. (2013). Implementing open innovation: The case of natura, IBM and Siemens. Journal of technology management innovation, 8, 57-57. Brunswicker, S., Vanhaverbeke, W. (2015). Open innovation in small and medium?sized enterprises (SMEs): External knowledge sourcing strategies and internal organizational facilitators. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(4), 1241-1263. Cui, T., Ye, H. J., Teo, H. H., Li, J. (2015). Information technology and open innovation: A strategic alignment perspective. Information Management, 52(3), 348-358. Cheng, C. C., Huizingh, E. K. (2014). When is open innovation beneficial? The role of strategic orientation. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 31(6), 1235-1253. Felin, T., Zenger, T. R. (2014). Closed or open innovation? Problem solving and the governance choice. Research Policy, 43(5), 914-925. Hossain, M. (2015). A review of literature on open innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 5(1), 1-12. Hsieh, C. T., Hsieh, C. T., Huang, H. C., Huang, H. C., Lee, W. L., Lee, W. L. (2016). Using transaction cost economics to explain open innovation in start-ups. Management Decision, 54(9), 2133-2156. Hung, K. P., Chou, C. (2013). The impact of open innovation on firm performance: The moderating effects of internal RD and environmental turbulence. Technovation, 33(10), 368-380. King, A., Lakhani, K. R. (2013). Using open innovation to identify the best ideas. MIT Sloan management review, 55(1), 41. Lakhani, K. 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